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stability over a broad timescale (0.1-100 s) for the first time; and, most recently, improved the timescale of sub-pN precision of AFM by another factor of 50. We are currently applying these improvements
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significantly. However, several barriers have prevented metals-based AM from reaching its full potential. These barriers include limitations in uncertainties about the material properties of the feedstock metal
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of FRP bond degradation during weathering using spectroscopic (e.g., near and mid-infrared, Raman, etc.), mechanical (e.g., three-point bending, pull-off tests, peel tests, etc.), and thermal measurements
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of Newton's constant of gravitation G ("big G") are discrepent at about 500 parts per million, while some experiments have stated uncertainties less than 30 parts per million. This level of variability, if not
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activity of individual cells over time. We have shown that such data can provide information about fluctuations in promoter activity and can be used to predict rates of state change in cell populations
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nanoparticles. An additional challenge is the concentration differences, as some contaminants in water are present at percent levels, but most occur at low levels and have unknown cumulative effects on both
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they are not stable enough to be shipped or stored without expensive precautions. While much has been written about the stabilization of biopharmaceuticals, formulations are often determined empirically and
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cellular debris, non-EV vesicles, protein aggregates, viruses, etc., before the isolated EVs can be manufactured into high quality drug delivery vehicles and/or therapeutic agents. The most common method
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kHz) using arbitrary waveform generators (1.59 to 1.65 μm), a 100 Hz YAG pumped OPO (1.59 to 1.65 μm), a 5 kHz 1 kW (peak) fiber amplifier (near 1.57 μm), and a 500 kHz 300 W (peak) fiber amplifier
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challenging because the compounds of most interest have unstretched laminar burning velocities in the range of 1 cm/s to 8 cm/s (i.e., near the flammability limit). Under these conditions, the measurements (and