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operating frequencies above 100 GHz are used in a wide variety of applications—examples include radio astronomy, climate monitoring, mm-wave imaging, and high-speed wireless data relays. The main method
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, and flow; the use of critical venturis as primary flow standards; the realization of a primary pressure standard based on measuring the dielectric constant of helium; the development of novel
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chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) measurements using principal component analysis, partial least squares, genetic algorithms, and other multivariate statistics. Current projects have accumulated a
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of improved methods to measure infrared radiation from space to meet the increasingly stringent requirements for climate research and weather forecasting; (2) the realization of new infrared radiometry primary
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For predicting thermochemistry of small main-group molecules, quantum chemistry is sufficiently reliable that it can be used to settle experimental disagreements and to provide critical data that are not available
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properties, allowing primary thermometry. Achieving the size, accuracy, and measurement speed sufficient for thermometry in industrial applications requires new approaches to absorption spectroscopy. First, to
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must be solved in order to fully exploit Johnson noise as a primary thermometer with high accuracy. Opportunities exist for experimental investigations in Johnson Noise Thermometry (JNT) with advanced
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resolution of the original pattern. Lamellae forming block copolymers can reduce the size of line patterns, while cylinder forming block copolymers can be used for fabrication of bit-patterned media for next
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needs leads to a series of computational challenges, including metrics of spectral similarity, data handling for applications of principal component analysis (PCA), spectral analysis of mixtures, and
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of linking atomic interactions to larger scale dynamic materials properties. A primary challenge with these investigations is that the predicted results are often extremely sensitive to the choice