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, enabling the study of thin batteries. In contrast, the development of operando cells for X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) studies is still challenging owing to the difficulty of designing a cell
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(phosphate, oxides) synthesis by solid state reactions, hydrothermal process or electrodeposition. These solids will be characterized through i) diffraction of X-rays (XRD), ii) Scanning Electron Microscopy
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(Raman, fluorescence), electron-based microscopy, X-ray-based imaging, diffraction and spectroscopy, micro-/millifluidic device design and operation, image/video analysis, bacteria cultivation and
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diffraction and pair distribution function analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and µ-Raman spectroscopy. Chemical mapping and phase speciation will be evaluated by fluorescence and X-ray absorption spectroscopy
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plasma-assisted CVD techniques; - Knowledge of characterization techniques: Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, etc.; - Knowledge of vacuum